HARNESSING THE PHYTOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BRYOPHYLLUM PINNATUM FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT-BASED ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP IN NIGERIA

Abstract

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a medicinal plant widely recognized for its therapeutic properties, including antimicrobial activity. This study explored its phytochemical composition, antibacterial potential, and application in herbal soap formulation. Fresh leaves of B. pinnatum were extracted using ethanol, and qualitative phytochemical screening was performed to detect secondary metabolites. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the agar well diffusion method. The extract demonstrating the highest activity was incorporated at 3% w/w into a cold-process soap base post-saponification to preserve bioactivity. Physical properties and pH of the formulated soap were assessed. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids (+++), flavonoids (++), tannins (++), terpenoids (++), glycosides (+), saponins (+), and phenols (+). The ethanol extract exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition against the tested bacteria, with the highest activity observed against Staphylococcus spp. The herbal soap maintained a stable texture, skin-compatible pH, and retained antibacterial activity. Comparative evaluation showed superior efficacy over selected commercial herbal soaps.  The study demonstrates that B. pinnatum leaf extract possesses significant antibacterial activity and can be effectively incorporated into herbal soap formulations. These findings highlight its potential as a natural antimicrobial agent for personal hygiene products, with implications for reducing reliance on synthetic additives.